TupleOutput (Oracle - Berkeley DB Java API)
Date: 2010-04-12

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## com.sleepycat.bind.tuple
Class TupleOutput

    java.lang.Object
      java.io.OutputStream
          com.sleepycat.util.FastOutputStream
              com.sleepycat.bind.tuple.TupleOutput

All Implemented Interfaces:
  Closeable, Flushable

    public class TupleOutput

extends FastOutputStream

An `OutputStream` with `DataOutput`-like methods for writing tuple fields. It is used by `TupleBinding`.

This class has many methods that have the same signatures as methods in the `DataOutput` interface. The reason this class does not implement `DataOutput` is because it would break the interface contract for those methods because of data format differences.

Signed numbers are stored in the buffer in MSB (most significant byte first) order with their sign bit (high-order bit) inverted to cause negative numbers to be sorted first when comparing values as unsigned byte arrays, as done in a database. Unsigned numbers, including characters, are stored in MSB order with no change to their sign bit. BigInteger values are stored with a preceding length having the same sign as the value.

Strings and character arrays are stored either as a fixed length array of unicode characters, where the length must be known by the application, or as a null-terminated UTF byte array.

- Null strings are UTF encoded as { 0xFF }, which is not allowed in a standard UTF encoding. This allows null strings, as distinct from empty or zero length strings, to be represented in a tuple. Using the default comparator, null strings will be ordered last.
- Zero (0x0000) character values are UTF encoded as non-zero values, and therefore embedded zeros in the string are supported. The sequence { 0xC0, 0x80 } is used to encode a zero character. This UTF encoding is the same one used by native Java UTF libraries. However, this encoding of zero does impact the lexicographical ordering, and zeros will not be sorted first (the natural order) or last. For all character values other than zero, the default UTF byte ordering is the same as the Unicode lexicographical character ordering.

Floats and doubles are stored using two different representations: sorted representation and integer-bit (IEEE 754) representation. If you use negative floating point numbers in a key, you should use sorted representation; alternatively you may use integer-bit representation but you will need to implement and configure a custom comparator to get correct numeric ordering for negative numbers.

To use sorted representation use this set of methods:

- `writeSortedFloat(float)`
- `TupleInput.readSortedFloat()`
- `writeSortedDouble(double)`
- `TupleInput.readSortedDouble()`

To use integer-bit representation use this set of methods:

- `writeFloat(float)`
- `TupleInput.readFloat()`
- `writeDouble(double)`
- `TupleInput.readDouble()`

Field Summary

Fields inherited from class com.sleepycat.util.FastOutputStream
`DEFAULT_BUMP_SIZE, DEFAULT_INIT_SIZE`

Constructor Summary
`TupleOutput()` Creates a tuple output object for writing a byte array of tuple data.
`TupleOutput(byte[] buffer)` Creates a tuple output object for writing a byte array of tuple data, using a given buffer.

Method Summary
`static int` | `getBigIntegerByteLength(BigInteger val)` Returns the byte length of a given `BigInteger` value.
`TupleOutput` | `writeBigInteger(BigInteger val)` Writes a `BigInteger`.
`TupleOutput` | `writeBoolean(boolean val)` Writes a boolean (one byte) unsigned value to the buffer, writing one if the value is true and zero if it is false.
`TupleOutput` | `writeByte(int val)` Writes an signed byte (one byte) value to the buffer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeBytes(char[] chars)` Writes the specified bytes to the buffer, converting each character to an unsigned byte value.
`TupleOutput` | `writeBytes(String val)` Writes the specified bytes to the buffer, converting each character to an unsigned byte value.
`TupleOutput` | `writeChar(int val)` Writes a char (two byte) unsigned value to the buffer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeChars(char[] chars)` Writes the specified characters to the buffer, converting each character to a two byte unsigned value.
`TupleOutput` | `writeChars(String val)` Writes the specified characters to the buffer, converting each character to a two byte unsigned value.
`TupleOutput` | `writeDouble(double val)` Writes an signed double (eight byte) value to the buffer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeFloat(float val)` Writes an signed float (four byte) value to the buffer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeInt(int val)` Writes an signed int (four byte) value to the buffer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeLong(long val)` Writes an signed long (eight byte) value to the buffer.
`void` | `writePackedInt(int val)` Writes a packed integer.
`void` | `writePackedLong(long val)` Writes a packed long integer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeShort(int val)` Writes an signed short (two byte) value to the buffer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeSortedDouble(double val)` Writes a signed double (eight byte) value to the buffer, with support for correct default sorting of all values.
`TupleOutput` | `writeSortedFloat(float val)` Writes a signed float (four byte) value to the buffer, with support for correct default sorting of all values.
`TupleOutput` | `writeString(char[] chars)` Writes the specified characters to the buffer, converting each character to UTF format.
`TupleOutput` | `writeString(String val)` Writes the specified characters to the buffer, converting each character to UTF format, and adding a null terminator byte.
`TupleOutput` | `writeUnsignedByte(int val)` Writes an unsigned byte (one byte) value to the buffer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeUnsignedInt(long val)` Writes an unsigned int (four byte) value to the buffer.
`TupleOutput` | `writeUnsignedShort(int val)` Writes an unsigned short (two byte) value to the buffer.

Methods inherited from class com.sleepycat.util.FastOutputStream
`addSize, getBufferBytes, getBufferLength, getBufferOffset, makeSpace, reset, size, toByteArray, toString, toString, write, write, write, writeFast, writeFast, writeFast, writeTo`

Methods inherited from class java.io.OutputStream
`close, flush`

Methods inherited from class java.lang.Object
`clone, equals, finalize, getClass, hashCode, notify, notifyAll, wait, wait, wait`

Constructor Detail

### TupleOutput

    public TupleOutput()

  Creates a tuple output object for writing a byte array of tuple data.

### TupleOutput

    public TupleOutput(byte[] buffer)

  Creates a tuple output object for writing a byte array of tuple data, using a given buffer. A new buffer will be allocated only if the number of bytes needed is greater than the length of this buffer. A reference to the byte array will be kept by this object and therefore the byte array should not be modified while this object is in use.

  Parameters:
    `buffer` - is the byte array to use as the buffer.

Method Detail

### writeBytes

    public final TupleOutput writeBytes(String val)

  Writes the specified bytes to the buffer, converting each character to an unsigned byte value. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readBytes(int)`. Only characters with values below 0x100 may be written using this method, since the high-order 8 bits of all characters are discarded.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the string containing the values to be written.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the val parameter is null.

### writeChars

    public final TupleOutput writeChars(String val)

  Writes the specified characters to the buffer, converting each character to a two byte unsigned value. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readChars(int)`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the string containing the characters to be written.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the val parameter is null.

### writeString

    public final TupleOutput writeString(String val)

  Writes the specified characters to the buffer, converting each character to UTF format, and adding a null terminator byte. Note that zero (0x0000) character values are encoded as non-zero values and a null String parameter is encoded as 0xFF. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readString()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the string containing the characters to be written.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeChar

    public final TupleOutput writeChar(int val)

  Writes a char (two byte) unsigned value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readChar()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeBoolean

    public final TupleOutput writeBoolean(boolean val)

  Writes a boolean (one byte) unsigned value to the buffer, writing one if the value is true and zero if it is false. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readBoolean()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeByte

    public final TupleOutput writeByte(int val)

  Writes an signed byte (one byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readByte()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeShort

    public final TupleOutput writeShort(int val)

  Writes an signed short (two byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readShort()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeInt

    public final TupleOutput writeInt(int val)

  Writes an signed int (four byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readInt()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeLong

    public final TupleOutput writeLong(long val)

  Writes an signed long (eight byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readLong()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeFloat

    public final TupleOutput writeFloat(float val)

  Writes an signed float (four byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readFloat()`. `Float.floatToIntBits` is used to convert the signed float value.

  Note: This method produces byte array values that by default (without a custom comparator) do not sort correctly for negative values. Only non-negative values are sorted correctly by default. To sort all values correctly by default, use `writeSortedFloat(float)`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeDouble

    public final TupleOutput writeDouble(double val)

  Writes an signed double (eight byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readDouble()`. `Double.doubleToLongBits` is used to convert the signed double value.

  Note: This method produces byte array values that by default (without a custom comparator) do not sort correctly for negative values. Only non-negative values are sorted correctly by default. To sort all values correctly by default, use `writeSortedDouble(double)`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeSortedFloat

    public final TupleOutput writeSortedFloat(float val)

  Writes a signed float (four byte) value to the buffer, with support for correct default sorting of all values. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readSortedFloat()`.

  `Float.floatToIntBits` and the following bit manipulations are used to convert the signed float value to a representation that is sorted correctly by default.

        int intVal = Float.floatToIntBits(val);
        intVal ^= (intVal < 0) ? 0xffffffff : 0x80000000;

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeSortedDouble

    public final TupleOutput writeSortedDouble(double val)

  Writes a signed double (eight byte) value to the buffer, with support for correct default sorting of all values. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readSortedDouble()`.

  `Float.doubleToLongBits` and the following bit manipulations are used to convert the signed double value to a representation that is sorted correctly by default.

        long longVal = Double.doubleToLongBits(val);
        longVal ^= (longVal < 0) ? 0xffffffffffffffffL : 0x8000000000000000L;

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeBytes

    public final TupleOutput writeBytes(char[] chars)

  Writes the specified bytes to the buffer, converting each character to an unsigned byte value. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readBytes(int)`. Only characters with values below 0x100 may be written using this method, since the high-order 8 bits of all characters are discarded.

  Parameters:
    `chars` - is the array of values to be written.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the chars parameter is null.

### writeChars

    public final TupleOutput writeChars(char[] chars)

  Writes the specified characters to the buffer, converting each character to a two byte unsigned value. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readChars(int)`.

  Parameters:
    `chars` - is the array of characters to be written.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the chars parameter is null.

### writeString

    public final TupleOutput writeString(char[] chars)

  Writes the specified characters to the buffer, converting each character to UTF format. Note that zero (0x0000) character values are encoded as non-zero values. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readString(int)` or `TupleInput.readString(char[])`.

  Parameters:
    `chars` - is the array of characters to be written.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.
  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if the chars parameter is null.

### writeUnsignedByte

    public final TupleOutput writeUnsignedByte(int val)

  Writes an unsigned byte (one byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readUnsignedByte()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeUnsignedShort

    public final TupleOutput writeUnsignedShort(int val)

  Writes an unsigned short (two byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readUnsignedShort()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writeUnsignedInt

    public final TupleOutput writeUnsignedInt(long val)

  Writes an unsigned int (four byte) value to the buffer. Writes values that can be read using `TupleInput.readUnsignedInt()`.

  Parameters:
    `val` - is the value to write to the buffer.
  Returns:
    this tuple output object.

### writePackedInt

    public final void writePackedInt(int val)

  Writes a packed integer. Note that packed integers are not appropriate for sorted values (keys) unless a custom comparator is used.

  See Also:
    `PackedInteger`

### writePackedLong

    public final void writePackedLong(long val)

  Writes a packed long integer. Note that packed integers are not appropriate for sorted values (keys) unless a custom comparator is used.

  See Also:
    `PackedInteger`

### writeBigInteger

    public final TupleOutput writeBigInteger(BigInteger val)

  Writes a `BigInteger`. Supported `BigInteger` values are limited to those with a byte array (`BigInteger.toByteArray()`) representation with a size of 0x7fff bytes or less. The maximum `BigInteger` value is (20x3fff7 - 1) and the minimum value is (-20x3fff7).

  The byte format for a `BigInteger` value is:

  - Byte 0 and 1: The length of the following bytes, negated if the `BigInteger` value is negative, and written as a sorted value as if `writeShort(int)` were called.
  - Byte 2: The first byte of the `BigInteger.toByteArray()` array, written as a sorted value as if `writeByte(int)` were called.
  - Byte 3 to N: The second and remaining bytes, if any, of the `BigInteger.toByteArray()` array, written without modification.

  This format provides correct default sorting when the default byte-by-byte comparison is used.

  Throws:
    `NullPointerException` - if val is null.
    `IllegalArgumentException` - if the byte array representation of val is larger than 0x7fff bytes.

### getBigIntegerByteLength

    public static int getBigIntegerByteLength(BigInteger val)

  Returns the byte length of a given `BigInteger` value.

  See Also:
    `writeBigInteger(java.math.BigInteger)`

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