\section{Ogg basics}
\label{group__basics}\index{Ogg basics@{Ogg basics}}
\subsection{Scope}\label{group__basics_Scope}
This section provides a minimal introduction to Ogg concepts, covering only that which is required to use liboggz.

For more detailed information, see the {\tt Ogg} homepage or IETF {\tt RFC 3533} {\itshape The Ogg File Format version 0\/}.\subsection{Terminology}\label{group__basics_Terminology}
The monospace text below is quoted directly from RFC 3533. For each concept introduced, tips related to liboggz are provided in bullet points.\subsubsection{Physical and Logical Bitstreams}\label{group__basics_bitstreams}
The raw data of an Ogg stream, as read directly from a file or network socket, is called a {\itshape physical bitstream\/}.


\begin{DoxyPre}
   The result of an Ogg encapsulation is called the "Physical (Ogg)
   Bitstream".  It encapsulates one or several encoder-created
   bitstreams, which are called "Logical Bitstreams".  A logical
   bitstream, provided to the Ogg encapsulation process, has a
   structure, i.e., it is split up into a sequence of so-called
   "Packets".  The packets are created by the encoder of that logical
   bitstream and represent meaningful entities for that encoder only
   (e.g., an uncompressed stream may use video frames as packets).
\end{DoxyPre}
\subsubsection{Packets and Pages}\label{group__basics_pages}
Within the Ogg format, packets are written into {\itshape pages\/}. You can think of pages like pages in a book, and packets as items of the actual text. Consider, for example, individual poems or short stories as the packets. Pages are of course all the same size, and a few very short packets could be written into a single page. On the other hand, a very long packet will use many pages.


\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item liboggz handles the details of writing packets into pages, and of reading packets from pages; your application deals only with {\ttfamily ogg\_\-packet} structures.
\item Each {\ttfamily ogg\_\-packet} structure contains a block of data and its length in bytes, plus other information related to the stream structure as explained below.
\end{DoxyItemize}\subsubsection{serialno}\label{group__basics_serialno}
Each logical bitstream is uniquely identified by a serial number or {\itshape serialno\/}.


\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item Packets are always associated with a {\itshape serialno\/}. This is not actually part of the {\ttfamily ogg\_\-packet} structure, so wherever you see an {\ttfamily ogg\_\-packet} in the liboggz API, you will see an accompanying {\itshape serialno\/}.
\end{DoxyItemize}


\begin{DoxyPre}
   This unique serial number is created randomly and does not have any
   connection to the content or encoder of the logical bitstream it
   represents.
\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item Use \doxyref{oggz\_\-serialno\_\-new()}{p.}{oggz_8h_aaf89877e3e89408387d422f487bcf094} to generate a new serial number for each logical bitstream you write.
\item Use an \doxyref{OggzTable }{p.}{oggz__table_8h}, keyed by {\itshape serialno\/}, to store and retrieve data related to each logical bitstream.
\end{DoxyItemize}\subsubsection{b\_\-o\_\-s and e\_\-o\_\-s}\label{group__basics_boseos}

\begin{DoxyPre}
   bos page: The initial page (beginning of stream) of a logical
      bitstream which contains information to identify the codec type
      and other decoding-relevant information.\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyPre}   eos page: The final page (end of stream) of a logical bitstream.
\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item Every {\ttfamily ogg\_\-packet} contains {\itshape b\_\-o\_\-s\/} and {\itshape e\_\-o\_\-s\/} flags. Of course each of these will be set only once per logical bitstream. See the Structuring section below for rules on setting {\itshape b\_\-o\_\-s\/} and {\itshape e\_\-o\_\-s\/} when interleaving logical bitstreams.
\item This documentation will refer to {\itshape bos\/} and {\itshape eos\/} {\itshape packets\/} (not {\itshape pages\/}) as that is more closely represented by the API. The {\itshape bos\/} packet is the only packet on the {\itshape bos\/} page, and the {\itshape eos\/} packet is the last packet on the {\itshape eos\/} page.
\end{DoxyItemize}\subsubsection{granulepos}\label{group__basics_granulepos}

\begin{DoxyPre}
   granule position: An increasing position number for a specific
      logical bitstream stored in the page header.  Its meaning is
      dependent on the codec for that logical bitstream
\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item Every {\ttfamily ogg\_\-packet} contains a {\itshape granulepos\/}. The {\itshape granulepos\/} of each packet is used mostly for \doxyref{seeking. }{p.}{group__seek__api}
\end{DoxyItemize}\subsection{Structuring}\label{group__basics_Structuring}
The general structure of an Ogg stream is governed by various rules.\subsubsection{Secondary header packets}\label{group__basics_secondaries}
Some data sources require initial setup information such as comments and codebooks to be present near the beginning of the stream (directly following the b\_\-o\_\-s packets.


\begin{DoxyPre}
   Ogg also allows but does not require secondary header packets after
   the bos page for logical bitstreams and these must also precede any
   data packets in any logical bitstream.  These subsequent header
   packets are framed into an integral number of pages, which will not
   contain any data packets.  So, a physical bitstream begins with the
   bos pages of all logical bitstreams containing one initial header
   packet per page, followed by the subsidiary header packets of all
   streams, followed by pages containing data packets.
\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item liboggz handles the framing of {\itshape packets\/} into low-\/level {\itshape pages\/}. To ensure that the pages used by secondary headers contain no data packets, set the {\itshape flush\/} parameter of \doxyref{oggz\_\-write\_\-feed()}{p.}{group__write__api_ga6ccaceb107db1fd2eae047dbdbaa5889} to {\itshape OGGZ\_\-FLUSH\_\-AFTER\/} when queueing the last of the secondary headers.
\item or, equivalently, set {\itshape flush\/} to {\itshape OGGZ\_\-FLUSH\_\-BEFORE\/} when queueing the first of the data packets.
\end{DoxyItemize}\subsubsection{Sequencing b\_\-o\_\-s and e\_\-o\_\-s packets}\label{group__basics_boseosseq}
The following rules apply for sequencing {\itshape bos\/} and {\itshape eos\/} packets in a physical bitstream: 
\begin{DoxyPre}
   ... All bos pages of all logical bitstreams MUST appear together at
   the beginning of the Ogg bitstream.\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyPre}   ... eos pages for the logical bitstreams need not all occur
   contiguously.  Eos pages may be 'nil' pages, that is, pages
   containing no content but simply a page header with position
   information and the eos flag set in the page header.
\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item \doxyref{oggz\_\-write\_\-feed()}{p.}{group__write__api_ga6ccaceb107db1fd2eae047dbdbaa5889} will fail with a return value of {\itshape OGGZ\_\-ERR\_\-BOS\/} if an attempt is made to queue a late {\itshape bos\/} packet
\end{DoxyItemize}\subsubsection{Interleaving logical bitstreams}\label{group__basics_interleaving}

\begin{DoxyPre}
   It is possible to consecutively chain groups of concurrently
   multiplexed bitstreams.  The groups, when unchained, MUST stand on
   their own as a valid concurrently multiplexed bitstream.  The
   following diagram shows a schematic example of such a physical
   bitstream that obeys all the rules of both grouped and chained
   multiplexed bitstreams.\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyPre}               physical bitstream with pages of
          different logical bitstreams grouped and chained
      -------------------------------------------------------------
      |*A*|*B*|*C*|A|A|C|B|A|B|A\#|C|...|B|C|B\#|C\#|*D*|D|...|D\#|
      -------------------------------------------------------------
       bos bos bos             eos           eos eos bos       eos\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyPre}   In this example, there are two chained physical bitstreams, the first
   of which is a grouped stream of three logical bitstreams A, B, and C.
   The second physical bitstream is chained after the end of the grouped
   bitstream, which ends after the last eos page of all its grouped
   logical bitstreams.  As can be seen, grouped bitstreams begin
   together - all of the bos pages MUST appear before any data pages.
   It can also be seen that pages of concurrently multiplexed bitstreams
   need not conform to a regular order.  And it can be seen that a
   grouped bitstream can end long before the other bitstreams in the
   group end.
\end{DoxyPre}



\begin{DoxyItemize}
\item \doxyref{oggz\_\-write\_\-feed()}{p.}{group__write__api_ga6ccaceb107db1fd2eae047dbdbaa5889} will fail, returning an explicit error value, if an attempt is made to queue a packet in violation of these rules.
\end{DoxyItemize}\subsection{References}\label{group__basics_References}
This introduction to the Ogg format is derived from IETF {\tt RFC 3533} {\itshape The Ogg File Format version 0\/} in accordance with the following copyright statement pertaining to the text of RFC 3533:


\begin{DoxyPre}
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