# Trang Manual

Copyright © 2002, 2003, 2008 Thai Open Source Software Center Ltd

See the file copying.txt for copying permission.

### Version 20241230

## Contents

- Introduction
- Running Trang
- Command-line arguments
- Input modules
  - RELAX NG (XML syntax)
  - RELAX NG (compact syntax)
  - XML DTD
  - XML
- Output modules
  - RELAX NG (XML syntax)
  - RELAX NG (compact syntax)
  - XML DTD
  - W3C XML Schema

## Introduction

Trang takes as input a schema written in any of the following formats:

- RELAX NG (XML syntax)
- RELAX NG (compact syntax)
- XML 1.0 DTD

and produces as output a schema written in any of the following formats:

- RELAX NG (XML syntax)
- RELAX NG (compact syntax)
- XML 1.0 DTD
- W3C XML Schema

Trang can also infer a schema from one or more example XML documents.

Trang uses an internal representation based on RELAX NG. For each supported input format, there is an input module that converts a schema in that input format into this internal representation. For each supported output format, there is an output module that converts the internal representation into a schema in that output format. Thus, any supported input format can be translated to any supported output format.

## Running Trang

The file `trang.jar` contains Trang packaged for use with a Java runtime. It requires a Java runtime compatible with the Java 2 Platform, Standard Edition (J2SE) version 5 (or any later version), such as the Java Runtime Environment (JRE), which can be downloaded here.

Once you have installed a suitable Java runtime, you can run Trang by using the command:

    java -jar trang.jar args

where `args` are additional command-line arguments described below.

## Command-line arguments

Trang requires two command-line arguments: the first is the URI or filename of the schema to be translated; the second is the output filename.

Trang infers the input and output modules to be used from the extension of input and output filenames as follows:

`.rng`
  RELAX NG (XML syntax)
`.rnc`
  RELAX NG (compact syntax)
`.dtd`
  XML 1.0 DTD
`.xsd`
  W3C XML Schema
`.xml`
  XML documents (used as examples from which to infer a schema)

This inference can be overridden using the `-I` and `-O` options.

When the input is XML documents used as examples to infer a schema, more than one input file may be specified as arguments. All the input files are specified before the output file.

The arguments specifying the input and output files can be preceded by arguments specifying options. Trang accepts the following options:

`-I rng`
`-I rnc`
`-I dtd`
`-I xml`
  Specifies the input module.
`-O rng`
`-O rnc`
`-O dtd`
`-O xsd`
  Specifies the output module.
`-i param`
`-o param`
  Specifies an additional parameter for an input (`-i`) or output (`-o`) module. The `-i` and `-o` options may be used multiple times in order to specify multiple parameters. There are two kinds of parameter: boolean parameters and string-valued parameters. A string-valued parameter is specified using the form `name=value`. A boolean parameter is specified using the form `name` or `no-name`. The applicable parameters depend on the particular input and output module and are described in the documentation for the input or output modules.

## Input modules

### RELAX NG (XML syntax) input module

This input module accepts RELAX NG schemas in XML syntax as defined by the RELAX NG 1.0 Committee Specification.

It accept the following parameters:

`-i encoding=name`
  Use an encoding of name rather than the encoding specified in the encoding declaration of the XML document.

### RELAX NG Compact Syntax input module

This input module accepts RELAX NG schemas using the compact syntax as defined in the RELAX NG Compact Syntax Committee Specification.

It accepts the following parameters:

`-i encoding=name`
  Use an encoding of name. By default, Trang will autodetect an encoding of UTF-8 or UTF-16.

### DTD input module

This input module accepts DTDs as defined by the XML 1.0 Recommendation.

It accepts the following parameters:

`-i xmlns=uri`
  Specifies the default namespace, that is the namespace used for unqualified element names.
`-i xmlns:prefix=uri`
  Specifies the namespace for the element and attribute names using `prefix`.
`-i colon-replacement=chars`
  Replaces colons in element names by `chars` when constructing the names of definitions used to represent the element declarations and attribute list declarations in the DTD. Trang generates a definition for each element declaration and attlist declaration in the DTD. The name of the definition is based on the name of the element. In RELAX NG, the names of definitions cannot contain colons. However, in the DTD, the element name may contain a colon. By default, Trang will first try to use the element names without prefixes. If this causes a conflict, it will instead replace the colon by a legal name character (it try first to use a period).
`-i element-define=name-pattern`
  Specifies how to construct the name of the definition representing an element declaration from the name of the element. The `name-pattern` must contain exactly one percent character. This percent character is replaced by the name of element (after colon replacement) and the result is used as the name of the definition.
`-i inline-attlist`
  Specifies not to generate definitions for attribute list declarations and instead move attributes declared in attribute list declarations into the definitions generated for element declarations. This is the default behavior when the output module is `xsd`. Otherwise, the default behaviour is as described in the `-i no-inline-attlist` parameter.
`-i no-inline-attlist`
  Generates a distinct definition (with `combine="interleave"`) for each attribute list declaration in the DTD; the definition for each element declaration references the definition for the corresponding attribute list declaration. This is the default behavior, except when the output module is `xsd`, for which the default behavior is as described in the `-i inline-attlist` parameter.
`-i attlist-define=name-pattern`
  This specifies how to construct the name of the definition representing an attribute list declaration from the name of the element. The `name-pattern` must contain exactly one percent character. This percent character is replaced by the name of element (after colon replacement) and the result is used as the name of the definition.
`-i any-name=name`
  Specifies the name of the definition generated for the content of elements declared in the DTD as having a content model of ANY.
`-i strict-any`
  Preserves the exact semantics of ANY content models by using an explicit choice of references to all declared elements. By default, Trang uses a wildcard that allows any element.
`-i annotation-prefix=prefix`
  Default values are represented using an annotation attribute `prefix:defaultValue` where `prefix` is bound to `http://relaxng.org/ns/compatibility/annotations/1.0` as defined by the RELAX NG DTD Compatibility Committee Specification. By default, Trang will use `a` for `prefix` unless that conflicts with a prefix used in the DTD.
`-i generate-start`
`-i no-generate-start`
  Specifies whether Trang should generate a `start` element. DTDs do not indicate what elements are allowed as document elements. Trang assumes that all elements that are defined but never referenced are allowed as document elements.

### XML input module

This input module accepts one or more XML documents and infers a schema. All the XML documents will be valid with respect to the inferred schema.

It accept the following parameters:

`-i encoding=name`
  Use an encoding of name rather than the encoding specified in the encoding declaration of the XML document.

## Output modules

All output modules accept the following parameters:

`-o encoding=name`
  Use an encoding of `name` for the output files.
`-o indent=n`
  Indent by `n` spaces for each indentation level.
`-o lineLength=n`
  Attempt to keep lines shorter than `n` characters (defaults to 72). Only values between 20 and 1024 are accepted.

### RELAX NG (XML syntax) output module

This output module outputs RELAX NG schemas in XML syntax as defined by the RELAX NG 1.0 Committee Specification.

### RELAX NG Compact Syntax output module

This output module outputs RELAX NG schemas in compact syntax as defined by the RELAX NG Compact Syntax Committee Specification.

### DTD output module

This output module outputs DTDs as defined by the XML 1.0 Recommendation.

It has many limitations. There are many RELAX NG features that it cannot handle, including:

- Wildcards
- Multiple `element` patterns with the same name
- `externalRef`
- overriding definitions (in an `include`)
- combining definitions with `combine="choice"`

However, it can handle many RELAX NG features, including some that go beyond the capabilities of DTDs. When some part of a RELAX NG schema cannot be represented exactly in DTD, Trang will try to approximate it. The approximation will always be more general, that is, the DTD will allow everything that is allowed by the RELAX NG schema, but there may be some things that are allowed by the DTD that are not allowed by the RELAX NG schema. For example, if the RELAX NG schema specifies that the content of an element is a string conforming to some datatype, then Trang will make the content of the element be `(#PCDATA)`; or if the RELAX NG schema specifies a choice between two attributes x and y, then the DTD will allow both x and y optionally. Whenever Trang approximates, it will give a warning message.

If you want to be able to generate a DTD but need to use some feature of RELAX NG that Trang is unable to convert into a DTD, then you might try one of the following approaches:

- Create a RELAX NG schema including the features you need, and then use XSLT (or some other XML transformation language) to transform the schema into something that Trang can handle, perhaps making use of annotations in the schema to guide the transformation.
- Create a RELAX NG schema S1 which uses only features that Trang can handle but which, consequently, does not capture all the desired constraints; then create a second RELAX NG schema S2 that `include`s S1, and overrides definitions in S1 replacing them with definitions that make unrestricted use of the features of RELAX NG.

### W3C XML Schema output module

This output module outputs an W3C XML Schema as defined by the XML Schema Recommendation.

It supports the following parameters:

`-o disable-abstract-elements`
  Disables the use of abstract elements and subsitution groups in the generated XML Schema. This can also be controlled using an annotation attribute.
`-o any-process-contents=strict`|`lax`|`skip`
  Specifies the value for the `processContents` attribute of `any` elements. The default is `skip` (corresponding to RELAX NG semantics) unless the input format is `dtd`, in which case the default is `strict` (corresponding to DTD semantics).
`-o any-attribute-process-contents=strict`|`lax`|`skip`
  Specifies the value for the `processContents` attribute of `anyAttribute` elements. The default is `skip` (corresponding to RELAX NG semantics).

It has the following limitations:

- it may generate schemas that violate W3C XML Schema's restrictions on ambiguous content models;
- it may generate schemas that violate W3C XML Schema's restrictions on consistent element types;
- when the RELAX NG schema cannot be represented by W3C XML Schema, a generalization is generated; it should give a warning in this case, but does not always do so.

Annotations can be added to the RELAX NG schema to guide the translation. These annotations have the namespace URI `http://www.thaiopensource.com/ns/relaxng/xsd`. This document will use the convention that the prefix `tx` refers to this namespace URI; in other words, it will assume a namespace declaration of

    xmlns:tx="http://www.thaiopensource.com/ns/relaxng/xsd"

Currently, only one annotation is supported, an attribute `tx:enableAbstractElements`. The value of this must be `true` or `false`. It applies to RELAX NG `define` elements. Trang has the ability to translate a `define` that contains a choice of element patterns into an abstract element declaration, which will be used as the head of a substitution group whose members are the elements in the choice. Whether it does this is determined by the value of the `tx:enableAbstractElements` annotation attribute. If the value is `true`, it will attempt to use an abstract element element. If the value is `false`, it will not, which means the `define` will typically be translated into a group definition.

The `tx:enableAbstractElements` attribute is inherited in a similar way to the `ns` attribute: it can be specified on a `grammar`, `div` or `include` element to enable or disable the use of abstract elements for all descendant `define` elements. In the absence of any inherited `tx:enableAbstractElements` attribute, the use of abstract elements is enabled unless the `-o disable-abstract-elements` option was specified.

It can happen that the same element name occurs in a choice in more than one `define` element; at most one of these `define` elements can be translated to an abstract element. In this case, Trang will not translate any of them to an abstract element, unless the use of abstract elements has been disabled by `tx:enableAbstractElements` for all except one of the `define` elements.

In fact, the use of abstract elements is not restricted to the case where the `define` consists of a `choice` that contains only `element` patterns; the `choice` may also contain `ref` patterns referring to definitions that are to be translated into element declarations, whether abstract or not. The `tx:enableAbstractElements` attribute applies equally to these definitions.